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Cosmian VM

Cosmian VM reminder

First, read detailed information about Cosmian VM or about Cosmian VM Agent and related software tools functioning.

As a reminder, the Cosmian VM’s goal is to verify Confidential VM trustworthiness and integrity at anytime. This verification runs on the operating system where one or more applications have been installed.

First, a snapshot is generated, freezing the state of the system and all executable files.

Then, at anytime, a remote verification of the VM can be done using the Cosmian VM CLI tool (cosmian_vm).

setup flow

The Cosmian VM can be deployed on virtual machines that supports AMD SEV-SNP or Intel TDX technologies.

The following steps help to deploy a Cosmian VM instance on any supported cloud provider.

The Cosmian VM contains a set of software to ensure trustworthiness of the executable environment of the VM.

Then, the deployment flow is the following:

instantiate a Cosmian Confidential VM,
connect on this VM and install everything required for your application to run correctly,
create for once a VM snapshot remotely using Cosmian VM CLI,
verify at anytime the integrity of the VM

Instantiate Cosmian VM on your favorite cloud provider 🚚¶

Go the Cosmian marketplace webpage of the chosen cloud provider.

Select an OS, set an external IP and continue until the Cosmian VM instance is spawned

Here’s the list of instance types by cloud provider

Cloud provider	Azure	GCP	AWS
AMD	SNP	SNP	SNP
	Standard_DCas_v5	n2d-standard	M6a
	Standard_DCads_v5		C6a
			R6a
Intel	TDX	TDX	TDX
	DCes_v5-series	c3-standard	Not available
	ECesv5-series
	(preview)

Customize your VM 👩‍🔧¶

Connect to the spawned Cosmian VM using SSH and install whatever is required for application and services to run (installing software and dependencies, setting-up configurations and services etc.).

For example, deploy an app and setup it as a Linux service.

Snapshot the VM remotely 📸¶

Once the VM is configured as needed, Cosmian VM Agent can do a snapshot of the VM containing fingerprint of the executables and metadata related to TEE and TPM.

Download the Cosmian VM CLI¶

Install the Cosmian VM CLI on a local machine

Ubuntu 22.04Ubuntu 24.04RHEL 9MacOS / Windows

Download the binary and allow it to be executed:

On the local machine

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y wget
wget https://package.cosmian.com/cosmian_vm/1.2.5/ubuntu-22.04/cosmian-vm_1.2.5-1_amd64.deb
sudo apt install ./cosmian-vm_1.2.5-1_amd64.deb
cosmian_vm --version

Download the binary and allow it to be executed:

On the local machine

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y wget
wget https://package.cosmian.com/cosmian_vm/1.2.5/ubuntu-24.04/cosmian-vm_1.2.5-1_amd64.deb
sudo apt install ./cosmian-vm_1.2.5-1_amd64.deb
cosmian_vm --version

Download the binary and allow it to be executed:

On the local machine

sudo dnf update && dnf install -y wget
wget https://package.cosmian.com/cosmian_vm/1.2.5/rhel9/cosmian_vm-1.2.5-1.x86_64.rpm
sudo dnf install ./cosmian_vm-1.2.5-1.x86_64.rpm
cosmian_vm --version

Start a Ubuntu-based Docker container and enter it:

On the local machine

docker run -it ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

Download the binary and allow it to be executed:

In Docker container (local machine)

apt update && apt install -y wget
wget https://package.cosmian.com/cosmian_vm/1.2.5/ubuntu-22.04/cosmian-vm_1.2.5-1_amd64.deb
apt install ./cosmian-vm_1.2.5-1_amd64.deb

Generate a snapshot of the Cosmian VM:

On the local machine

cosmian_vm --url https://${COSMIAN_VM_IP_ADDR}:5555 --allow-insecure-tls snapshot

Verify the VM snapshot ✅¶

Take a look at the global flow to fully understand the whole verification process of a Cosmian VM.

Previous downloaded snapshot is stored as cosmian_vm.snapshot file (see the previous step).

At anytime, the Cosmian VM integrity can be verified by running:

On the local machine

cosmian_vm --url https://${COSMIAN_VM_IP_ADDR}:5555 --allow-insecure-tls \
         verify --snapshot cosmian_vm.snapshot

Why --allow-insecure-tls flag?

When the agent starts (see step Snapshot the VM) self-signed certificate is created to enable HTTPS out of the box.

These certificates must be replaced by trusted ones using tools like cosmian_certtool or Linux tools (certbot with Let’s Encrypt for instance).

See how to setup trusted certificates.

Deploy your application as a service 🤖¶

The benefit of setting the deployed app as a service is that Cosmian VM Agent is able to:

handle the lifetime cycle of the app (start, stop, restart)
deploy safely (in encrypted folder) the config file

Setup the systemd service¶

Connect to the Cosmian VM instance through SSH to perform this setup.

write a service file (here compatible with systemctl)

my_app.service

[Unit]
Description=My App
Requires=multi-user.target
After=multi-user.target mount_luks.service cosmian_vm_agent.service

[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
ExecStart=/usr/local/sbin/my_app
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=3s
Environment="MY_APP_CONF=/var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/app/app.conf"

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

About the paths…

Any provided config file will be renamed to `app.conf` and will be stored as filepath `/var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/app/app.conf`, so the app `my_app` may know the location of configuration file.

Here the env variable `MY_APP_CONF` is used to forward this information to `my_app`.

register the new service to systemctl

Copy the my_app.service file into /etc/systemd/system/my_app.service and enable this service (without starting it, Cosmian VM Agent that will be responsible of starting it)

sudo systemctl enable my_app
sudo systemctl daemon-reload

Note: my_app and my_app_svc are indicative naming and can be changed, but don’t forget to update the Cosmian VM Agent config file (/etc/cosmian_vm/agent.toml) as well.

Configure the remote app safely¶

On the local machine, write the config file of the app, and then use the Cosmian VM CLI to remotely configure the app.

write the app config file

my_app.toml

[my_cfg]
key = "value"
secret = "a98jfdol"

The format (TOML, JSON, INI…) of this config file depends on the app but the Cosmian VM CLI doesn’t care, as the config file is treated as a blob of bytes.

send the configuration using cosmian_vm CLI

cosmian_vm --url https://app.company.com app init -c my_app.toml

The app conf is written in the encrypted folder.

Cosmian VM Agent start/restart automatically the app after writing the config file when init is called.

Control the remote app as a service¶

The cosmian_vm CLI also contains two subcommands designed to drive your application running inside the Cosmian VM.

It could be relevant if the personnel in charge of the application doesn’t have the rights to connect to the Cosmian VM through SSH for instance.

Security

If your Cosmian VM is reachable over Internet, be aware that anyone can control your application. Out of the box the access to the cosmian_vm_agent endpoints is not authenticated.

Before going any further, you need to add a paragraph app inside the Cosmian VM configuration file, as follow:

[agent]
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 5555
ssl_certificate = "data/cosmianvm.cosmian.dev/cert.pem"
ssl_private_key = "data/cosmianvm.cosmian.dev/key.pem"
tpm_device = "/dev/tpmrm0"

[app]
service_type = "systemd"
service_name = "my_app"
app_storage = "data/app"

The service_type could be standalone, systemd or supervisor and defines the way to start/stop the application. The service_name field defines the name of the service or the binary to start/stop. The app_storage field defines the root path where the application will store its data. If it’s a relative path, the root path will be located inside /var/lib/cosmian_vm/. If you put it in the subfolder data, this directory is therefore encrypted and protected from the cloud provider.

only data/ is encrypted

Only the data/app/ part is customizable in the Cosmian VM Agent config file (/etc/cosmian_vm/agent.toml), but it remains relative to /var/lib/cosmian_vm/.

Keep in mind that /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data is the mount point of the encrypted folder. Anything outside this folder is NOT encrypted!

Let’s imagine, the application is installed in the Cosmian VM but not configured and started. Then, you can provide a configuration file (containing secrets for instance) and start it using:

cosmian_vm --url https://app.company.com app init --conf app.json

Also, if needed, the application can be restarted using:

cosmian_vm --url https://app.company.com app restart

The configuration file can be anything the application expects. Here, a json file. It will be sent to the cosmian_vm_agent and stored in the LUKS container in /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/app/app.conf.

If you call again init the previous configuration file is overwritten.

Advanced settings 🔬¶

Cosmian VM logs¶

The logs of Cosmian VM are written in journalctl and can be accessed via journalctl -exu cosmian_vm_agent.

Temporary folder¶

Cosmian VM also contains an encrypted RAMFS in /var/lib/cosmian_vm/tmp.

The data stored inside is volatile and will be deleted when rebooting the VM. The size of this directory is 500MB.

Data protection on the filesystem¶

Out of the box, Cosmian VM filesystem is not entirely protected against the cloud provider.

However, there are two ways to store securely sensitive data:

LUKS container
RAMFS

Encrypted folder¶

At the first start of cosmian_vm_agent, a LUKS container is created at /var/lib/cosmian_vm/container (size=500MB).

This container is mounted into /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data. This directory can be used to store any sensitive data (ie: to store TLS certificate).

The password of the LUKS container is stored inside the LUKS itself, and can be used to migrate the container to another VM for example.

With Cosmian VM the LUKS is enrolled on the current TPM therefore the password won’t be asked again, even at reboot.

To change the size of the container, create it again:

cosmian_fstool --size 100GB --location /data/container

Define your own container size and save the container to an additional disk for back-up (/data/container in this example).

A prompt will invite you to set the password. Save this password as it could be useful if you want to migrate the container to another VM.

If you need to manage the container (extend its size, revoke the password, etc.), you can use cryptsetup.

The fields ssl_certificate and ssl_private_key could be relative paths. In that case, this is always relative to /var/lib/cosmian_vm/.

Add measurement of scripts and configuration files¶

When using Cosmian VM with RHEL distribution, SELinux is enabled and configured in enforced mode. The SELinux module named cosmiand is present in Cosmian VM with 4 custom labels measured by Integrity Measurement Architecture (IMA):

cosmiand_exec_t for Cosmian VM related binaries which will transition to cosmiand_t
cosmiand_t for daemons when the binary file is labeled with cosmian_exec_t
cosmiand_script_t for any script file such as Python, Perl or shell scripts
cosmiand_conf_t for Cosmian VM configuration files

Because IMA only tracks binaries loaded in memory, cosmiand_script_t and cosmiand_conf_t allow to label specific files read by interpreters or applications. It will ensure that these files are not modified after the snapshot.

To label a new file, use semanage and restorecon commands:

$ # change SELinux context (always use absolute path)
$ semanage fcontext -a -t cosmiand_script_t "$(realpath my_script.py)"
$ # restore default context to apply the change (always use absolute path)
$ restorecon -v "$(realpath my_script.py)"

then you can see the new context with:

$ ls -Z
system_u:object_r:cosmiand_script_t:s0 my_script.py

See RHEL SELinux documentation for more details and advanced usage of SELinux.

Cosmian VM Agent lifecycle¶

Cosmian VM Agent can be started/restarted/stopped.

Start the agent:

systemctl start cosmian_vm_agent

Restart the agent

systemctl restart cosmian_vm_agent

Stop the agent

systemctl stop cosmian_vm_agent

Configure Cosmian VM Agent¶

Cosmian VM Agent relies on a configuration file located at /etc/cosmian_vm/agent.toml.

A minimal configuration file is:

/etc/cosmian_vm/agent.toml

[agent]
host = "127.0.0.1"
port = 5555
ssl_certificate = "data/cert.pem"
ssl_private_key = "data/key.pem"
tpm_device = "/dev/tpmrm0"

By default, cosmian_vm_agent uses the port 5555 on localhost.

Configure HTTPS with your own domain¶

On a fresh install, cosmian_vm_agent uses a self-signed certificate generated at the start of the service and set the CommonName of the certificate to the value of the machine hostname.

Therefore when using the CLI, --allow-insecure-tls must be added to ignore SSL errors (due to self-signed cert). This is not a good practice in production.

To enable HTTPS with trusted certs:

Edit your DNS registry to point to that VM
Create a trusted certificate using the method of your choice (Let’s encrypt for instance) or using cosmian_certtool
Edit the nginx configuration file to point to the location of the TLS certificate and private key:

/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf

server {
        ...

        ssl_certificate /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/cert.pem;
        ssl_certificate_key /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/key.pem;
}

Edit the cosmian_vm_agent configuration file to point to the location of the TLS certificate and private key:

/etc/cosmian_vm/agent.toml

[agent]
...
ssl_certificate = "data/cert.pem"
ssl_private_key = "data/key.pem"

Restart both services

sudo systemctl restart nginx
sudo systemctl restart cosmian_vm_agent

Configure HTTPS with another certs¶

This configuration example sets the certificate from another application running in Cosmian VM:

/etc/cosmian_vm/agent.toml

[agent]
host = "0.0.0.0"
port = 5555
ssl_certificate = "/etc/letsencrypt/live/app.company.com/fullchain.pem"
ssl_private_key = "/etc/letsencrypt/live/app.company.com/privkey.pem"
tpm_device = "/dev/tpmrm0"

Note: in this case, fullchain.pem and privkey.pem are not located in the LUKS (under /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/) so they are stored in cleartext on the disk hence potentially accessible by the Cloud Provider.

If you want to store these certificate securely, move them into the LUKS and change the location in the agent.toml file (don’t forget to do the same for Nginx if applicable) like this:

/etc/cosmian_vm/agent.toml

[agent]
...
ssl_certificate = "data/fullchain.pem" # equivalent to /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/fullchain.pem
ssl_private_key = "data/privkey.pem"   # equivalent to /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data/privkey.pem

By setting a relative path, the agent will complete the path using the default mounted path for the LUKS, which is /var/lib/cosmian_vm/data (read here for more information about LUKS setup).

Snapshot deep dive¶

Take a snapshot of the remote system¶

On the local machine

cosmian_vm --url https://app.company.com snapshot

The snapshot is performed by cosmian_vm_agent to produce a single file with the trusted state of the machine at the current time. This file is returned to the Cosmian CLI when using the subcommand snapshot.

The snapshot file is a JSON file containing:

IMA measurement log at the current time
List of all measured files and their corresponding hash (sha256 by default)
TEE metadata
TPM metadata

Here is a sample:

{
  "tee_policy":{
    "Sev":{
      "measurement":"73797518025d1d20e09efdf10e383cd0115e00562109b04ec577b5bd5d2ddab12f1f9ee22758f50a121355cf5aac6507",
      "report_data":"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
      "family_id":"00000000000000000000000000000000",
      "image_id":"00000000000000000000000000000000",
      "guest_svn":0,
      "id_key_digest":"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
      "author_key_digest":"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
      "policy":196608,
      "report_id":"b6db1e43f868a4823f708df92942a0448750fc5c37f7a724bc49292ffd111e1a",
      "report_id_ma":"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"
    }
  },
  "tpm_policy":{
    "reset_count":15,
    "restart_count":0
  },
  "filehashes":[
    ["/snap/google-cloud-cli/187/platform/gsutil/third_party/mock/mock/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-39.pyc", "f708df92942a044875[...]abc"],
    ...
  ]
}

Verification with multiple domains¶

Typically, the verification is done using the CLI as follow:

cosmian_vm --url https://app.company.com verify \
        --snapshot cosmian_vm.snapshot

When verifying a Cosmian VM you can also check that the TLS certificate of your services installed inside this VM are the one used when querying the Cosmian VM Agent during the verification.

The goal is to verify your services currently running inside this Cosmian VM.

To do so, use --application as many times as needed:

cosmian_vm --url https://app.company.com verify \
        --snapshot cosmian_vm.snapshot \
        --application service1.company.com:3655 \
        --application service2.company.com

Verification failure after reboot¶

Due to the IMA design, the VM cannot be trusted after a reboot. Indeed the IMA is reset at each restart.

Cosmian VM uses the TPM to detect a VM reboot: if the reset counter differs from the one captured during the snapshot, the verification fails.

If this reboot is trusted (for instance it has been made by the system administrator), you just need to ask for a new snapshot.

If the reboot occurs without the system administrator consent, the VM should be investigated to detect any malicious modification.

Cosmian VM diff with a Ubuntu/RHEL base image¶

The modifications are related to the installation and the configuration of Cosmian VM software stack. All the changes are performed using Packer and can be found in Cosmian VM Github page.

Cosmian VM image:

contains the fully configured IMA
contains the fully configured SELinux (RHEL only)
disables the auto-update (see Disabled auto-update)
contains the fully configured cosmian_vm_agent

This is an abstract of the updated file tree:

.
├── etc
│   ├── apt
│   │    └── apt.conf.d
│   │       └── 10periodic
│   ├── cosmian_vm
│   │   └── agent.toml
│   ├── default
│   │   └── grub
│   ├── ima
│   │   └── ima-policy
│   └── systemd
│       └── system
│           └── cosmian_vm_agent.service
├── usr
│   └── sbin
│       ├── cosmian_certtool
│       ├── cosmian_fstool
│       └── cosmian_vm_agent
└── var
    └── lib
        └── cosmian_vm
            ├── container   <--- LUKS container
            ├── tmp
            └── data        <--- LUKS container mounted
                ├── cert.pem
                └── cert.key

Disabled auto-update¶

The verification performed by the Cosmian VM relies on the fact that once the snapshot has been made, the VM content shouldn’t be altered. If any modification is detected, the VM is considered compromised.

An auto-update processing alters the VM and makes the comparison with the snapshot impossible.

You shall update the Cosmian VM manually and create a new snapshot afterwards.

Use a proxy in front of the Cosmian VM Agent¶

Although it’s technically possible to configure an HTTPS proxy in front of the Cosmian VM Agent, it will prevent you from proceeding the verification through the CLI if you configure the proxy as an SSL forward.

Indeed, the TLS certificate configured in the Cosmian VM Agent is a part of the exchange with the TEE. To avoid any malicious software to send fake collaterals, the TLS certificate used to get these collaterals should be the same as the one configured in the Cosmian VM Agent. This certificate should stay inside the Cosmian VM.

If you use a proxy, the TLS tunnel, from the CLI to the agent, uses the certificate of the proxy and not the certificate of the agent. The verification will therefore fail, being not able to determine if it’s a malicious or healthy behavior.

However, if you use a proxy as an SSL passthrough, it will work like a charm.

Here is an example with HAProxy:

[...]

defaults
    mode                 tcp
    option               tcplog
    [...]

# Entrypoint of the ha_proxy listen on 443
frontend https-in
    # Do not decrypt ssl yet
    bind *:443

    tcp-request inspect-delay 60s
    tcp-request content accept if { req_ssl_hello_type 1 }
    use_backend 8d14ff4ac2d452c3.cosmian.io if { req_ssl_sni -i 8d14ff4ac2d452c3.cosmian.io }
    # No default backend: return an error as fallback

backend 8d14ff4ac2d452c3.cosmian.io
    server haproxy-app 162.19.91.151:27283 check

Other resources: